The STM32 series have non-contiguous memories divided into blocks, for example the STM32F4, has 2 (contiguous) blocks of SRAM connected to the bus matrix with different interconnects, and a Core Coupled Memory (CCM) block which is connected directly to the core.
This tight coupling of the CCM memory to the core, leads to zero wait states, in other words, the core has exclusive access to this memory block, so for example, while other bus masters are using the main SRAM the core can access the CCM. Therefore, the CCM block is commonly used for the stack and other critical OS data, this partitioning, allows the core to continue executing code while for example, a DMA transfer takes place. However, the CCM could also be used as an extra memory block, doing so is easy, and there are a few examples out there that show how, simply defining a section in the linker script will do:
.ccm : {
. = ALIGN(4);
_sccm = .;
*(.ccm)
. = ALIGN(4);
_eccm = .;
}>CCM
And a section attribute is used to allocate memory into that section :
const int8_t my_array[13] __attribute__ ((section (".ccm")))= {....};
However, what if you want to load initialized data into that section ? some look-up tables for example? using that section is not enough, see, the linker script makes the distinction between the Load Memory Address (LMA) where data is stored initially, and the Virtual Memory Address (VMA) where the data should be loaded at runtime, if the LMA is not specified explicitly, it becomes the same as VMA.
You can see here that GDB loads the .ccm data into the CCM block (LMA=VMA=0x10000000) directly, while all other sections are loaded into the flash region (0x8xxxxxx):
Loading section .ccm, size 0x4ebc lma 0x10000000 Loading section .isr_vector, size 0x188 lma 0x8000000 Loading section .text, size 0x9744 lma 0x8000188 Loading section .ARM, size 0x8 lma 0x80098cc Loading section .init_array, size 0x8 lma 0x80098d4 Loading section .fini_array, size 0x4 lma 0x80098dc Loading section .data, size 0xa30 lma 0x80098e0 Loading section .jcr, size 0x4 lma 0x800a310
While this may sound right, it's not, if GDB loads the .ccm section is loaded into SRAM directly, it will disappear after a power cycle! So instead, we want the LMA to be somewhere in the FLASH region (0x8xxxxxxx) and the VMA to be (0x10000000):
_eidata = (_sidata + SIZEOF(.data) + SIZEOF(.jcr));
.ccm : AT ( _sidata + SIZEOF(.data) + SIZEOF(.jcr))
{
. = ALIGN(4);
_sccm = .;
*(.ccm)
. = ALIGN(4);
_eccm = .;
}>CCM
Note the .jcr is included in by some startup code for something related to Java, without adding the SIZEOF(.jcr) the .ccm will overlap that section, also note the _eidata symbol which will be referenced later in code. Now, when you try to load the elf, GDB prints:
Loading section .isr_vector, size 0x188 lma 0x8000000 Loading section .text, size 0x9794 lma 0x8000188 Loading section .ARM, size 0x8 lma 0x800991c Loading section .init_array, size 0x8 lma 0x8009924 Loading section .fini_array, size 0x4 lma 0x800992c Loading section .data, size 0xa30 lma 0x8009930 Loading section .jcr, size 0x4 lma 0x800a360 Loading section .ccm, size 0x4ebc lma 0x800a364
Great, now the .ccm data is loaded into the FLASH region, we just need something to load it from FLASH to CCM in runtime, if you look at the startup code, there's an assembly function that copies initialized data from the flash to where it should be loaded in SRAM (the VMA), you need to do the same for the .ccm data, by either modifying the startup code, or perferrably, copying the data with a C function, so here it is:
void load_ccm_section () __attribute__ ((section (".init")));
void load_ccm_section (){
extern char _eidata, _sccm, _eccm;
char *src = &_eidata;
char *dst = &_sccm;
while (dst < &_eccm) {
*dst++ = *src++;
}
}
Note that the function is placed into the .init section so it executes before main. Now in runtime, this function will load the data from FLASH into SRAM using the pointer defined in the linker script.
